Nobel Prize-winning US author, Toni Morrison has died at the age of 88.
Her family confirmed “with profound sadness” that Morrison had died “following a short illness”.
Author of 11 novels, she won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993, having published her first novel, The Bluest Eye, in 1970.
Her 1987 book Beloved told the story of a runaway female slave and was made into a film starring Oprah Winfrey in 1998.
Morrison once said: “We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.”
The Morrison family statement said the “extremely devoted mother, grandmother, and aunt” had “passed away peacefully last night [5 August] surrounded by family and friends”.
“The consummate writer who treasured the written word, whether her own, her students or others, she read voraciously and was most at home when writing,” it continued.
“Although her passing represents a tremendous loss, we are grateful she had a long, well lived life.”
Morrison died at the Montefiore Medical Center in New York.
The family added: “While we would like to thank everyone who knew and loved her, personally or through her work, for their support at this difficult time, we ask for privacy as we mourn this loss to our family.
“We will share information in the near future about how we will celebrate Toni’s incredible life.”
Her long-time editor, Robert Gottlieb from Knopf publishers, said: “She was a great woman and a great writer, and I don’t know which I will miss more.”
And Sonny Mehta, the chairman of Knopf, said: ” I can think of few writers in American letters who wrote with more humanity or with more love for language than Toni.
“Her narratives and mesmerising prose have made an indelible mark on our culture. Her novels command and demand our attention.
“They are canonical works, and more importantly, they are books that remain beloved by readers.”
Her fiction
- The Bluest Eye, 1970
- Sula, 1973
- Song of Solomon, 1977
- Tar Baby, 1981
- Beloved, 1987
- Jazz, 1992
- Paradise, 1997
- Love, 2003
- A Mercy, 2008
- Home, 2012
- God Help the Child, 2015
When she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy described her as an author “who in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”.
In 1996 she was honoured with the National Book Foundation’s Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
GETTY IMAGES/Image caption: President Obama presented Morrison with the Presidential Medal of Freedom
In 2012, President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Morrison was also the first female African-American editor at Random House, where she had the role from 1967 to 1983.
She championed writers of colour and published the likes of Gayl Jones, Henry Dumas, Muhammad Ali and Angela Davis, among others.
Morrison also taught at Princeton University.
Storyteller through and through’
Professor Noliwe Rooks, who worked with Morrison at Princeton, told the BBC her debut novel, whose protagonist was a young black girl, had broken new ground when it was released in 1970.
“At this moment when [The Bluest Eye] comes out – who’s writing about black girls? Who’s writing about this kind of trauma? Who’s writing about the interior lives of someone like that? Who’s writing about black communities?” Prof Rooks said.
“There was no one who was doing it the way she was, with the truth-telling and the ugliness, as well as the grandeur and the beauty.”
Prof Rooks added that Morrison “could make a story about going car-shopping sound like some kind of Homeric odyssey”.
“From the moment she left her house to the riding in the back of the Bentley was somehow an epic adventure,” she said. “Both at the level of the mundane as well as the epic, the well-honoured, she was a story-teller through and through.”
President Obama remembered Morrison on Tuesday as “a national treasure” who was “as good a storyteller, as captivating, in person as she was on the page”.
“Her writing was a beautiful, meaningful challenge to our conscience and our moral imagination,” he said. “What a gift to breathe the same air as her, if only for a while.”
Many, including the former tennis champion and activist Billie Jean King, signed off a tribute tweet with: “May she rest in power.” Scotland’s First Minister Nicola Sturgeon wrote that her death was “such a loss”, declaring: “The world needs voices like Toni Morrison’s today more than ever.”
In her own tribute, TV writer and producer Shonda Rimes said she had grown up “wanting to be only her”.
Merky Books, which was set up by grime star Stormzy to help black and minority authors, paid their respects by quoting the late author herself.
“If there’s a book you really want to read but it hasn’t been written yet, then you must write it,” the company posted.
